Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are both conditions that affect women during their menstrual cycle, but they differ significantly in severity and impact on daily life. Understanding their differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of symptoms.
Symptoms Severity:
PMS: PMS involves a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that may cause discomfort and mild impairment in daily activities. These symptoms typically include bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, headaches, irritability, mood swings, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns.
PMDD: PMDD is characterized by severe psychological symptoms that significantly disrupt daily functioning and quality of life. With PMDD you may experience intense mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness. These symptoms are more severe and debilitating compared to those of PMS.
Duration of Symptoms and Impact on Daily Life:
PMS: Symptoms typically occur in the days leading up to menstruation and may subside shortly after the onset of the menstrual period. They are cyclical and tend to recur monthly in alignment with the menstrual cycle. Mild to moderate discomfort and mood changes may occur but they generally do not cause significant impairment in daily activities or relationships.
PMDD: Symptoms also follow a cyclical pattern, occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the two weeks before menstruation), but they can last for several days to weeks, leaving only a brief window of relief each month. PMDD symptoms are more severe and persistent and may include severe depression and in some cases, suicidal ideation. They significantly impact daily functioning during this time, and can be profoundly debilitating, affecting various aspects of life such as work, school, relationships, and overall well-being. With PMDD you may struggle to maintain your usual responsibilities and experience disruptions in your personal and professional life.
Diagnosis and Evaluation:
PMS: There are no specific diagnostic tests for PMS, and diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the patient’s reported recurrent physical and emotional symptoms and their impact on daily life.
PMDD: Diagnosis of PMDD requires the presence of specific psychological symptoms outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including mood swings, irritability, and depression, that significantly impair functioning. Healthcare providers may use standardized assessment tools and symptom tracking to aid in the diagnosis of PMDD.
Managing PMS and PMDD:
Taking a holistic approach to women’s health involves considering the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit. When examining PMS and PMDD through this lens, it becomes evident that various factors contribute to the manifestation and exacerbation of symptoms.
Biological Factors: Hormonal fluctuations play a central role in both PMS and PMDD. Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle can influence neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which regulates mood. Additionally, genetic predispositions may contribute to these conditions.
Psychological Factors: Stress, trauma, and psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression can exacerbate symptoms of both PMS and PMDD. Emotional well-being and coping mechanisms play a crucial role in how you experience and manage these conditions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can be beneficial for both PMS and PMDD, helping you develop coping strategies, identify triggers, and manage stress more effectively.
Environmental Factors: Lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise, and sleep patterns, can have an impact. Certain dietary choices, such as consuming excessive caffeine or refined sugars, may worsen symptoms, while regular exercise and adequate sleep can have a positive effect on overall well-being.
Nutritional Support: Maintaining a balanced diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats can support hormone balance and alleviate symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Additionally, certain supplements, such as magnesium, vitamin B6, and omega-3 fatty acids, may provide relief from mood-related symptoms.
Stress Management: Practices such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can help reduce stress and promote emotional resilience. Prioritizing self-care activities and setting boundaries can also contribute to better symptom management.
Exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve mood and reduce stress. Engaging in activities you enjoy, whether it’s dancing, hiking, or cycling, can have significant benefits for both physical and mental health.
Addressing PMS and PMDD requires a comprehensive approach that considers your unique needs and circumstances, and there are various holistic strategies to consider. Alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massages, aromatherapy, and herbal medicine may offer relief from symptoms and promote overall well-being, but it’s essential to consult with qualified practitioners to ensure safety and effectiveness.
While self-care strategies like exercise, healthy eating, stress management, and over-the-counter pain relievers can be incredibly helpful, there are times when these methods may not provide enough relief. If you experience severe mood swings, intense anxiety or depression, debilitating fatigue, or extreme physical discomfort, it’s important to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can explore other treatment options to help you manage symptoms effectively and improve your overall well-being.
The VELL holistic PMS program helps you create a balanced self-care plan for your menstrual health through personalized nutrition, supplements, and mind/body practices.
You can gain insights into your cycle, customize your daily routine, and monitor your symptoms. This can be helpful in tracking the timing, duration, and severity of your PMS symptoms, and this detailed information can be invaluable for your doctor when making an accurate diagnosis and developing a treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.
Source:
- Rapkin, A. J., & Winer, S. A. (2009). Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: quality of life and burden of illness. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 9(2), 157–170.